Fracture, Blow Out

By admin On Dec 5, 2023

Ovid: 5-Minute Sports Medicine Consult, The

Fracture, Blow Out

Jayson Pereira

Basics

Pediatric Considerations

Orbital floor fractures: Extremely unlikely before 7 yrs of age
Lack of pneumatization of the paranasal sinuses: Orbital floor is not a weak point in the orbit.
Orbital roof fractures with associated CNS injuries more common

Description

Defined as an orbital wall fracture without orbital rim involvement owing to blunt trauma to the orbit
Force transmitted through the orbital structures to the weakest structural point—most commonly the orbital floor or medial wall—resulting in fracture
Trapdoor fracture (more common in children) is a linear fracture of the orbital bone that reduces spontaneously to original position, entrapping and strangulating infraocular soft tissue.
- Usually an intraoperative diagnosis
- Open door fracture is more common in adults.
Orbital floor serves as roof to air-filled maxillary and ethmoid sinuses. Communication between the spaces results in orbital emphysema.
Orbit contains fat, which holds the globe in place.
- Orbital floor fracture may result in herniation of the fat on the inferior orbital surface into the maxillary or ethmoid sinuses.
- Leads to enophthalmos owing to orbital volume loss
- Sinus congestion and fluid collection occur secondary to edema.
Infraorbital nerve runs through the bony canal 3 mm below the orbital floor.
- Injury results in hypoesthesia of the ipsilateral cheek.
- Distinguished from hypoesthesia owing to swelling by testing for decreased sensation on the ipsilateral gingiva, which is within the infraorbital nerve distribution
Inferior rectus and inferior oblique muscles run along the orbital floor.
- Restriction of these extraocular muscles occurs owing to entrapment within the fracture or contusion or cranial nerve dysfunction.
- Diplopia on upward gaze
- Inability to elevate the affected eye normally on examination
Medial rectus muscle is located above the ethmoid sinus.
- Less commonly entrapped
- Diplopia on ipsilateral lateral gaze
Oculocardiac reflex is defined as an increased vagal tone secondary to soft tissue entrapment. Signs and symptoms include nausea, vomiting, bradycardia, and syncope.

Epidemiology

Observed in any sport that puts the athlete at risk for forceful contact to the face.
Most common: Boxing, mixed martial arts, wrestling, rugby, soccer, basketball, action sports
Less common: Diving, gymnastics, cheerleading, baseball, handball
Object striking the orbital region is usually larger than orbital rim, such as a baseball or fist (1).

Diagnosis

Pediatric Considerations

Immature facial skeleton with lack of pneumatization of the paranasal sinuses makes plain radiographs of limited value.
Orbital CT scan: Study of choice
Thorough ophthalmologic examination:
- Visual acuity (should not be affected)
- Test extraocular movements for disconjugate gaze or diplopia.
- Palpate bony structures for evidence of step-off.
- Test sensation in inferior orbital nerve distribution.
- Examine lid and adnexa.
- Careful attention not to place pressure on the globe until ruptured globe excluded
- Slit-lamp and funduscopic examination help to identify associated injuries.
Associated injuries:
- Ocular injuries:
  - Ruptured globe (incidence 5–10% of blowout fractures) (2)
  - Subconjunctival hemorrhage
  - Corneal abrasion/laceration
  - Hyphema
  - Iridodialysis
  - Traumatic iridocyclitis (uveitis)
  - Traumatic mydriasis
  - Retinal detachment
  - Vitreous hemorrhage
  - Compressive orbital emphysema
  - Retrobulbar hemorrhage
  - Optic nerve injury
  - Central retinal artery occlusion
  - Acute angle glaucoma
- Extraocular muscle entrapment:
  - Inferior rectus
  - Inferior oblique
  - Medial rectus (less common)
- Infraorbital nerve injury
- Facial fractures:
  - Nasal bones
  - Zygomatic arch fracture
- Neck injuries
- Intracranial injury

Physical Exam

Periorbital tenderness, swelling, ecchymosis
Impaired ocular mobility or diplopia:
- Upward gaze impaired owing to inferior rectus entrapment
- Ipsilateral lateral gaze impaired with medial rectus entrapment
Infraorbital hypoesthesia: Owing to compression/contusion of infraorbital nerve
Enophthalmos or hypoophthalmos: Owing to herniation of orbital fat through fracture
Periorbital emphysema
Normal visual acuity (unless associated ocular injury)
Epistaxis (indicative of medial wall injury)

P.171

Diagnostic Tests & Interpretation

Plain radiographs:
- Facial films
- Orbits
- Water's view and exaggerated Water's view:
  - Classic “teardrop sign” illustrates herniated mass of orbital contents in the ipsilateral maxillary sinus.
  - Opacification of or air–fluid level in the ipsilateral maxillary sinus (less specific)
  - Orbital floor bony fracture
  - Lucency in orbits consistent with orbital emphysema (1)
CT scan of orbits:
- If diagnosis in question and for follow-up
- Defines involved anatomy
- Obtain 1.5-mm cut (2).
- Trapdoor type of fractures may be difficult to identify, even with CT scan
Forced duction test:
- Distinguishes nerve dysfunction from entrapment
- Topical anesthesia is applied to the conjunctiva on the opposite side, and the globe is pulled away from the expected point of entrapment. If the globe is not mobile, the test is positive.

Lab

Preoperative laboratory studies if indicated

Differential Diagnosis

Retrobulbar hemorrhage
Periorbital contusion/ecchymosis
Cranial nerve palsy
Ruptured globe
Orbital cellulitis
Periorbital cellulitis

Treatment

Pre-Hospital

Metal protective eye shield if possible globe injury
Place in supine position.

ED Treatment

Apply cool compresses for the 1st 24–48 hr to decrease swelling in order to minimize/reverse herniation and avoid surgical intervention.
Avoid Valsalva maneuvers and nose blowing to prevent compressive orbital emphysema.
Prophylactic antibiotics (eg, amoxicillin, cephalexin, or erythromycin) to prevent infection
Nasal decongestants (eg, phenylephrine nasal spray)
Analgesics
Tetanus prophylaxis

Medication

Phenylephrine nasal spray: b.i.d. × 10–14 days
Amoxicillin: 250–500 mg PO t.i.d. × 10–14 days
Cephalexin: 250–500 mg PO q.i.d. × 10–14 days
Erythromycin: 250–500 mg PO q.i.d. × 10–14 days

In-Patient Considerations

Initial Stabilization

Initial approach and immediate concerns:

Rule out ruptured globe.
Assess for associated intracranial or cervical spine injuries.
Test visual acuity: Decreased visual acuity is suggestive of associated ocular injury.

Admission Criteria

Rarely indicated except with:

Severe herniation of orbital contents threatening vision
Cosmetically, enophthalmos typically 5 mm
Associated injuries that mandate admission

Discharge Criteria

Consultation with facial trauma service: Arrange follow-up evaluation within 1–2 wks of injury and to determine need for surgery.
Immediate ophthalmology evaluation if patient has evidence of visual loss or within 24 hr for complete retinal evaluation
Need for surgical intervention:
- Rarely indicated immediately
- 85% resolve without surgical intervention (2).
- Typically observe for 10–14 days until swelling resolves.
- Earlier surgical intervention in children owing to higher incidence of trapdoor fracture
- Surgery indications:
  - Persistent diplopia
  - Restricted extraocular movements
  - Cosmetically significant enophthalmos or hypoophthalmos
  - Persistent oculocardiac reflex
  - Progressive infraorbital hypesthesia

Ongoing Care

Complications

Sinusitis
Orbital infection
Permanent restriction of extraocular movement
Enophthalmos

References

1. O'Hare TH. Blow-out fractures: a review. J Emerg Med. 1991;9:253–263.

2. Linden JA, Renner GS. Trauma to the globe. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 1995;13:581–605.

Additional Reading

Anderson PJ, Poole MD. Orbital floor fractures in young children. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 1995;23:151–154.

Burnstine MA. Clinical recommendations for repair of orbital facial fractures. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2003;14:236–240.

Joondeph BC. Blunt ocular trauma. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 1988;6(1):151.

Koltai PJ, Amjad I, Meyer D. Orbital fractures in children. Arch Otoiaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1995;121(12):1375–1379.

Levin LM, Kademani D. Clinical considerations in the management of orbital blow-out fractures. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 1997;18:593, 596–598, 600; quiz 602.

Theologie-Lygidakis N, Iatrou I, Alexandridis C. Blow-out fractures in children: six years' experience. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2006.

Codes

ICD9

802.6 Closed fracture of orbital floor (blow-out)
802.7 Open fracture of orbital floor (blow-out)